陕西黄土旱作区肥料配施对土壤养分和谷子产量形成的影响

doi:10.12190/j.issn.2096-1197.2025.01.06

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探究陕西黄土旱作区不同肥料配施对土壤养分、谷子光合生理指标和产量形成的影响。【方法】以谷子品种长生07为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,设置N 45 kg/hm²（CK）、N 60 kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 30 kg/hm²（G1）、N 90 kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 45 kg/hm²（G2）、N 60 kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 40 kg/hm²+有机肥2 000 kg/hm²（G3）、N 60 kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 40 kg/hm²+微生物菌肥5 kg/hm²（G4）5个肥料配施处理开展田间试验,分析不同处理土壤养分以及谷子根系形态、谷子光合生理指标、产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率的差异。【结果】谷子灌浆期,G3处理土壤有机质含量最高（5.67 g/kg）,G2处理土壤有效磷含量最高（11.93 mg/kg）,G4处理土壤速效钾、水解氮含量最高（分别为81.00、20.07 mg/kg）;谷子成熟期,G4处理土壤有机质含量最高（6.05 g/kg）、G2处理土壤有效磷含量最高（13.47 mg/kg）、G3处理土壤水解氮含量最高（19.40 mg/kg）。与CK相比,各处理均显著改善了谷子的根系长度与根表面积（P<0.05）,其中G3处理根系长度和根表面积较CK分别显著增加49.25%、64.28%（P<0.05）。谷子抽穗期,G2处理的净光合速率较CK显著增加42.67%（P<0.05）,G1处理的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和SPAD值较CK分别增加81.00%、57.82%和10.72%;谷子灌浆期,G2处理的净光合速率较CK增加9.81%,G4处理的气孔导度、蒸腾速率较CK分别降低19.90%和23.58%,G1处理的SPAD值较CK显著增加22.93%（P<0.05）。G1处理的单穗重、穗长、穗粒重较CK增加43.26%、7.76%、57.33%;G2处理的穗粗较CK增加8.61%;G4处理的千粒重较CK显著增加67.84%（P<0.05）;G3处理谷子产量和水分利用效率较CK分别显著增加123.63%和123.51%（P<0.05）,G4处理次之。【结论】在陕西黄土旱作区合理配施氮、磷肥可有效改善土壤养分结构,调控谷子根系形态发育和功能,提高谷子光合生产能力,在此基础上增施有机肥和微生物菌肥,可以促进谷子产量和水分利用效率的增加潜力。

关键词: 黄土旱作区, 谷子, 肥料配施, 土壤养分, 光合生理指标, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract: 【Objective】To explore the effects of different fertilizer combined applications on soil nutrients,photosynthetic physiological indexes and yield formation of foxtail millet in the loess arid farming region of Shaanxi.【Methods】Foxtail millet variety Changsheng 07 was used as experimental material,and random block design was adopted,N 45 kg/hm²（CK）,N 60 kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 30 kg/hm²（G1）,N 90 kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 45 kg/hm²（G2）,N 60 kg/kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 40 kg/hm²+organic fertilizer 2 000 kg/hm²（G3）,N 60 kg/hm²+P₂O₅ 40 kg/hm²+microbial fertilizer 5 kg/hm²（G4） 5 fertilizer treatments were set up to carry out field experiments,the differences of soil nutrients and root morphology,photosynthetic physiological indexes,yield and its components,water use efficiency of foxtail millet under different treatments were analyzed.【Results】In foxtail millet filling stage,G3 treatment had the highest soil organic matter content（5.67 g/kg）,G2 treatment had the highest soil available phosphorus content（11.93 mg/kg）,G4 treatment had the highest soil available potassium content and hydrolyzed nitrogen content（81.00 and 20.07 mg/kg,respectively）. In foxtail millet maturity stage,soil organic matter content in G4 treatment was the highest（6.05 g/kg）,soil available phosphorus content in G2 treatment was the highest（13.47 mg/kg）,and soil hydrolyzed nitrogen content in G3 treatment was the highest（19.40 mg/kg）. Compared with CK,all treatments significantly improved the root length and root surface area of foxtail millet（P<0.05）,G3 treatment showed a significantly increased by 49.25% and 64.28% in root length and root surface area compared with CK,respectively（P<0.05）. In foxtail millet heading stage,the net photosynthetic rate in G2 treatment was significantly increased by 42.67% compared with CK（P<0.05）,and the stomatal conductance,transpiration rate and SPAD value in G1 treatment were increased by 81.00%,57.82% and 10.72% compared with CK,respectively;in foxtail millet filling stage,the net photosynthetic rate of G2 treatment compared with CK was increased by 9.81%,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of G4 treatment compared with CK were decreased by 19.90% and 23.58%,respectively,and SPAD value of G1 treatment compared with CK was significantly increased by 22.93%（P<0.05）. The weight per ear,ear length and grain weight per ear of G1 treatment were increased by 43.26%,7.76% and 57.33% compared with CK;the ear width of G2 treatment increased by 8.61% compared with CK;the 1 000-grain weight of G4 treatment was significantly increased by 67.84% compared with CK（P<0.05）;foxtail millet yield and water use efficiency of G3 treatment were significantly increased by 123.63% and 123.51% compared with CK（P<0.05）,respectively,followed by G4 treatment.【Conclusion】Reasonable combined application of N and P fertilizer in the loess arid farming region in Shaanxi can effectively improve the soil nutrient structure,regulate the root morphology development and function of foxtail millet,promote the photosynthetic production capacity of foxtail millet,on this basis,the addition of organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer can stimulate the potential increase of foxtail millet yield and water use efficiency.

Key words: Loess arid farming region, Foxtail millet, Fertilizer combined application, Soil nutrient, Photosynthetic physiological index, Yield, Water use efficiency

中图分类号:

S515

刘钦慧, 周天游, 杨双双, 刘瑜, 魏丽超, 王志豪, 王小林. 陕西黄土旱作区肥料配施对土壤养分和谷子产量形成的影响[J]. 北方农业学报, 2025, 53(1): 48-56.

LIU Qinhui, ZHOU Tianyou, YANG Shuangshuang, LIU Yu, WEI Lichao, WANG Zhihao, WANG Xiaolin. Effects of fertilizer combined application on soil nutrient and foxtail millet yield formation in the loess arid farming region of Shaanxi[J]. Journal of Northern Agriculture, 2025, 53(1): 48-56.

参考文献

[1] 张亚琦. 氮、钾肥对杂交谷子产量及耗水规律的影响研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.
[2] LI S X,WANG Z H,LI S Q,et al.Effect of nitrogen fertilization under plastic mulched and non-plastic mulched conditions on water use by maize plants in dryland areas of China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,162:15-32.
[3] 王浩,王淑兰,徐宗贵,等.耕作与施肥对旱地玉米田土壤耗水量和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(6):856-864.
[4] 张艾英,郭二虎,王军,等.施氮量对春谷农艺性状、光合特性和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(15):2939-2951.
[5] 刘为红,王士英,张宝林.谷子旗叶性状初步研究[J].山西农业科学,1982,22(8):11-12.
[6] 赵广才,何中虎,刘利华,等.肥水调控对强筋小麦中优9507品质与产量协同提高的研究[J].中国农业科学,2004,45(3):351-356.
[7] 刘子会,张红梅,张艳敏,等.灌浆期杂交谷子旗叶的光合特性[J].西北农业学报,2012,21(11):60-64.
[8] 宋震震,李絮花,李娟,等.有机肥和化肥长期施用对土壤活性有机氮组分及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):525-533.
[9] 王根全,王节之,郝晓芬,等.谷子新品种长生07优质高产栽培技术研究[J].河北农业科学,2010,14(11):28-29.
[10] DANIEL W S,GEORGE V G,MERLE G E,et al.Phosphorus,potassium,chloride,and fungicide effects on wheat yield and leaf rust severity[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition,2000,23(9):1267-1281.
[11] 鞠正春,于振文.追施氮肥时期对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(3):3395-3398.
[12] 王彦辉,樊永强,韩燕丽,等.种植密度和施氮水平对谷子产量和农艺性状的影响[J].山西农业科学,2023,51(3):264-270.
[13] 温银元,郭之瑶,郑志强,等.不同施氮水平下硅肥对谷子抗倒伏能力、产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2024,30(4):641-654.
[14] 王建国,路战远,程玉臣,等.轮作休耕对小麦和油菜水分利用效率和产量的影响[J].北方农业学报,2018,46(4):29-34.
[15] 李小霞,李丹,李万星,等.不同轮作模式对谷子灌浆期生理特性、产量和品质的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2023,35(7):1499-1510.
[16] 张霞,杭丽.不同种植方式对旱地谷子产量性状影响的分析研究[J].陕西农业科学,2018,64(12):44-46.
[17] 屈洋,马雯,王可珍,等.种植方式和密度对谷子光合性能和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2022,40(2):52-58.
[18] 费聪,张开祥,马宏秀,等.有机肥配施氮肥对玉米根系生长、氮素利用及产量和品质的影响[J/OL].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2024:1-9.(2024-11-12).https://link.cnki.net/urlid/61.1390.S.20241111.1712.004.
[19] 刘楚桐,陈松岭,金鑫鑫,等.控释氮肥减量配施对土壤氮素调控及夏玉米产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2021,58(2):108-115.
[20] XIA Y H,CHEN X B,ZHENG S M,et al.Manure application accumulates more nitrogen in paddy soils than rice straw but less from fungal necromass[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2021,319:107575.
[21] 葛君,姜晓君.施氮量对小麦旗叶光合特性、SPAD值、籽粒产量及碳氮代谢的影响[J].天津农业科学,2019,25(3):1-4.
[22] 张宇,高悦,周紫阳,等.施氮量对不同品种高粱光合特性及产量的影响[J].分子植物育种,2024,22(10):3299-3305.
[23] 张建军,樊廷录,唐小明,等.不同氮磷肥处理组合对冬小麦光合特性的影响[J].作物杂志,2007,23(4):33-35.
[24] KUBAR M S,ZHANG Q,FENG M,et al.Growth,yield and photosynthetic performance of winter wheat as affected by co-application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic manures[J].Life,2022,12(7):1000.
[25] 欧行奇,胡海燕,李新华,等.剪叶对不同源库类型小麦品种粒重的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2008,28(3):513-517.
[26] 史田斌,刘震,李志涛,等.不同生育期干旱胁迫对马铃薯生长特性、块茎产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].江苏农业学报,2024,40(2):193-202.
[27] 陈雪娇,张旭东,韩治中,等.半干旱区沟垄集雨种植谷子的肥料效应及其增产贡献[J].作物学报,2018,44(7):1055-1066.
[28] 李之霖,范燕敏,樊婕,等.化肥配施有机肥对喀什地区冬小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2024,55(2):177-183.